Pluralizers in Entity Framework

In Entity Framework, you can implement a IPluralizationService to control how entities' names will be pluralized. In additional singularalized. The standard setup is an English pluralizer. In addition, a Spanish pluralizer is available. If you want to support another language for pluralization (and singularization), I have added a sample of this in the following Github repo of mine :

https://github.com/toreaurstadboss/BulkOperationsEntityFramework

Note that the Norwegian Pluralization service could also pluralize words in English and try to check if the word to pluralize is either English or Norwegian. It is about 500,000 English nouns and 100,000, so it might be hard to create a perfect pluralizer for both English or Norwegian. A list of about 40,000+ nouns are available here: https://gist.github.com/trag1c/f74b2ab3589bc4ce5706f934616f6195/ The Norwegian Pluralization service next could use that wordlist to check if the the word is English and use the standard built in English pluralizer service. I will give an updated version of the NorwegianPluralizationService at the end of the article.

NorwegianPluralizationService.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure.Pluralization;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;

namespace BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Lib.Services
{

    /// <summary>
    /// Sources for the pluralization rules for Norwegian language:
    /// https://toppnorsk.com/2018/11/18/flertall-hovedregler/
    /// </summary>
    public class NorwegianPluralizationService : IPluralizationService
    {

        public static List<string> PluralizedWords = new List<string>();

        public string Pluralize(string word)
        {
            if (PluralizedWords.Contains(word, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                return word; // Return the already pluralized word
            }

//#if DEBUG
//            Debugger.Break();
//            Debugger.Launch(); // Uncomment this line to break into the debugger when this method is called, for example when database migrations are made with EF Code First
//#endif

            word = NormalizeWord(word);

            string pluralizedWord;

            if (_specialCases.ContainsKey(word))
            {
                pluralizedWord = _specialCases[word];
                PluralizedWords.Add(pluralizedWord);
                return pluralizedWord;
            }

            if (_wordsChangingVowelToÆ.Contains(word, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                if (word.Equals("Håndkle", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                {
                    pluralizedWord = "Håndklær";
                    PluralizedWords.Add(pluralizedWord);
                    return pluralizedWord;
                }
                pluralizedWord = word.Replace("å", "æ").Replace("e", "æ") + "r";
                PluralizedWords.Add(pluralizedWord);
                return pluralizedWord;
            }

            if (_wordsForUnits.Contains(word, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                pluralizedWord = word;
                PluralizedWords.Add(pluralizedWord);
                return pluralizedWord;
            }

            if (_wordsForRelatives.Contains(word, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                switch (word.ToLower())
                {
                    case "far": pluralizedWord = "Fedre"; break;
                    case "mor": pluralizedWord = "Mødre"; break;
                    case "datter": pluralizedWord = "Døtre"; break;
                    case "søster": pluralizedWord = "Søstre"; break;
                    case "fetter": pluralizedWord = "Fettere"; break;
                    case "onkel": pluralizedWord = "Onkler"; break;
                    case "svigerbror": pluralizedWord = "Svigerbrødre"; break;
                    case "svigerfar": pluralizedWord = "Svigerfedre"; break;
                    case "svigersøster": pluralizedWord = "Svigersøstre"; break;
                    case "svigermor": pluralizedWord = "Svigermødre"; break;
                    case "bror": pluralizedWord = "Brødre"; break;
                    default: pluralizedWord = word; break;
                }
                PluralizedWords.Add(pluralizedWord);
                return pluralizedWord;
            }

            if (_wordsNeutralGenderEndingWithEumOrIum.Contains(word, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                if (word.EndsWith("eum"))
                    pluralizedWord = word.Substring(0, word.Length - 3) + "eer";
                else if (word.EndsWith("ium"))
                    pluralizedWord = word.Substring(0, word.Length - 3) + "ier";
                else
                    pluralizedWord = word;
                PluralizedWords.Add(pluralizedWord);
                return pluralizedWord;
            }

            if (_wordsNoPluralizationForNeutralGenderOneSyllable.Contains(word, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                pluralizedWord = word;
                PluralizedWords.Add(pluralizedWord);
                return pluralizedWord;
            }

            if (_wordChangingVowelsInPluralFemale.Contains(word, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                pluralizedWord = NormalizeWord(word.ToLower().Replace("å", "e").Replace("a", "e") + "er");
                PluralizedWords.Add(pluralizedWord);
                return pluralizedWord;
            }

            if (_wordsChangingVowelsInPluralMale.Contains(word, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                string rewrittenWord = NormalizeWord(word.Replace("o", "ø"));
                if (rewrittenWord.Equals("føt", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                    pluralizedWord = rewrittenWord + "ter";
                else if (rewrittenWord.EndsWith("e"))
                    pluralizedWord = rewrittenWord + "r";
                else if (!rewrittenWord.EndsWith("er"))
                    pluralizedWord = rewrittenWord + "er";
                else
                    pluralizedWord = rewrittenWord;
                PluralizedWords.Add(pluralizedWord);
                return pluralizedWord;
            }

            if (_nonEndingWordsInPlural.Contains(word, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                pluralizedWord = word;
                PluralizedWords.Add(pluralizedWord);
                return pluralizedWord;
            }

            // General rules
            if (word.EndsWith("er"))
                pluralizedWord = word.Substring(0, word.Length - 2) + "ere";
            else if (word.EndsWith("el"))
                pluralizedWord = word.Substring(0, word.Length - 2) + "ler";
            else if (word.EndsWith("e"))
                pluralizedWord = word + "r";
            else if (word.EndsWith("en"))
                pluralizedWord = word + "er";
            else
                pluralizedWord = word + "er";

            PluralizedWords.Add(pluralizedWord);
            return pluralizedWord;
        }

        public string Singularize(string word)
        {
            word = NormalizeWord(word);

            // Reverse special cases
            var specialSingular = _specialCases.FirstOrDefault(kvp => kvp.Value.Equals(word, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
            if (!specialSingular.Equals(default(KeyValuePair<string, string>)))
                return specialSingular.Key;

            // Words that are the same in singular and plural
            if (_nonEndingWordsInPlural.Contains(word, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
                _wordsNoPluralizationForNeutralGenderOneSyllable.Contains(word, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
                _wordsForUnits.Contains(word, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                return word;

            // Irregulars and vowel changes (expand as needed)
            if (word.Equals("Bøker", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Bok";
            if (word.Equals("Føtter", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Fot";
            if (word.Equals("Brødre", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Bror";
            if (word.Equals("Menn", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Mann";
            if (word.Equals("Kvinner", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Kvinne";
            if (word.Equals("Gutter", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Gutt";
            if (word.Equals("Netter", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Natt";
            if (word.Equals("Tær", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Tå";
            if (word.Equals("Tenner", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Tann";
            if (word.Equals("Trær", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Tre";
            if (word.Equals("Knær", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Kne";
            if (word.Equals("Bønder", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Bonde";
            if (word.Equals("Hender", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Hand";
            if (word.Equals("Døtre", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Datter";
            if (word.Equals("Fedre", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Far";
            if (word.Equals("Mødre", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Mor";
            if (word.Equals("Søstre", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Søster";
            if (word.Equals("Øyne", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) return "Øye";

            // "ler" ending (from "el")
            if (word.EndsWith("ler"))
            {
                return word.Substring(0, word.Length - 2);
            }
            if (word.EndsWith("ter"))
            {
                return word.Substring(0, word.Length - 1);
            }

            // "ere" ending (from "er" ending in singular, e.g. "Lærere" -> "Lærer")
            if (word.EndsWith("ere"))
                return word.Substring(0, word.Length - 1);

            // "er" ending (general case, e.g. "Biler" -> "Bil", "Stoler" -> "Stol", "Jenter" -> "Jente")
            if (word.EndsWith("er"))
                return word.Substring(0, word.Length - 2);

            // "r" ending (from "e" ending in singular, e.g. "Jenter" -> "Jente" already handled above)
            if (word.EndsWith("r"))
            {
                var possibleSingular = word.Substring(0, word.Length - 1);
                return possibleSingular;
            }

            // Default: return as is
            return word;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Make the world normalized, i.e. first letter upper case and rest lower case letters, the word is trimmed.
        /// Not considering using invariant culture here, as this is a Norwegian pluralization service.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>In case an empty word (null or empty) is passed in, just return the word.
        /// Edge case: In case just One non-empty letter was passed in, make the word also uppercase.</remarks>
        private string NormalizeWord(string word)
        {
            word = word?.Trim();
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(word) || word.Trim().Length <= 1) {
                return word?.ToUpper();
            }
            return word.Substring(0, 1).ToUpper() + word.Trim().ToLower().Substring(1);
        }

        private string[] _nonEndingWordsInPlural = new string[] {
            "mus", "sko", "ski", "feil", "ting" }; // Add more non-ending words in plural as needed

        private string[] _wordsChangingVowelsInPluralMale = new string[]
        {
            "bonde", "fot", "bok", "bot", "rot"
        };

        private Dictionary<string, string> _specialCases = new Dictionary<string, string>
        {
            { "Mann", "Menn" } , // 'mann' => 'menn'
            { "Barn", "Barn" }, // 'barn' => 'barn' (no pluralization)
            { "Øye", "Øyne" }, // 'øye' => 'øyne' (plural form of 'eye') //consider adding more special cases here in case all the other pluralization rules do not cover the given word
        };

        private string[] _wordsChangingVowelToÆ = new string[]
        {
            "Håndkle", "Kne", "Tre", "Tå"
        };

        private string[] _wordsForUnits = new string[]
        {
            "meter", "centimeter", "millimeter", "kilometer", "gram", "kilogram", "tonn", "liter", "desiliter", "centiliter", "dollar", "lire",
            "pesetas", "euro", "yen", "franc", "pund", "rupee", "ringgit", "peso", "real", "won", "yuan"
        };

        private string[] _wordChangingVowelsInPluralFemale = new string[]
        {
            "and", "hand", "hånd", "natt", "stang", "strand", "tang", "tann"
        };

        private string[] _wordsForRelatives = new string[]
        {
            "far", "mor", "datter", "fetter", "onkel", "bror", "svigerbror", "svigerfar", "svigermor", "svigersøster", "søster"
        };

        private string[] _wordsNoPluralizationForNeutralGenderOneSyllable = new string[]
        {
            "hus", "fjell", "blad"
        };

        private string[] _wordsNeutralGenderEndingWithEumOrIum = new string[]
        {
            "museum", "Jubileum", "kjemikalium"
        };

    }
}

The following DbConfiguration set up for the DbContext sets up the pluralization service to use for Entity Framework.

ApplicationDbConfiguration.cs

using BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Lib.Services;
using System;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Entity.SqlServer;

namespace BulkOperationsEntityFramework
{
    public class ApplicationDbConfiguration : DbConfiguration
    {

        public ApplicationDbConfiguration()
        {
        
            SetPluralizationService(new NorwegianPluralizationService());  //Set up the NorwegianPluralizationService as the Pluralizer         
            
            //more code etc..
        }

    }

}

I have also created a Schema attribute to control schema names of tables convention previously in the solution, so the Norwegian pluralizer is also being used there.

SchemaConvention.cs

using BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Attributes;
using BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Lib.Services;
using System.Data.Entity.ModelConfiguration.Conventions;
using System.Reflection;

namespace BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Conventions
{
    public class SchemaConvention : Convention
    {
        public SchemaConvention()
        {
            var pluralizer = new NorwegianPluralizationService();

            Types().Configure(c =>
            {
                var schemaAttr = c.ClrType.GetCustomAttribute<SchemaAttribute>(false);
                var tableName = pluralizer.Pluralize(c.ClrType.Name);

                if (schemaAttr != null && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(schemaAttr.SchemaName))
                {
                    c.ToTable(tableName, schemaAttr.SchemaName ?? "dbo");
                }
                else
                {
                    c.ToTable(tableName);
                }
            });
        }
    }
}

The DbContext will use the IPluralizationService. Consider first this example DbContext :

ApplicationDbContext

using BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Conventions;
using BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Models;
using BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Test;
using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;
using System.Data.Common;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure.Interception;
using System.Linq;

namespace BulkOperationsEntityFramework
{

    [DbConfigurationType(typeof(ApplicationDbConfiguration))]
    public class ApplicationDbContext : DbContext
    {       

        public ApplicationDbContext(DbConnection connection) : base(connection, false)
        {
        }

        public ApplicationDbContext() : base("name=App")
        {
        }

        public virtual DbSet Bruker { get; set; }

        public DbSet ArkivertBruker { get; set; }

        public DbSet ArkivertGjest { get; set; }

        public DbSet Sesjon { get; set; }

        public DbSet Jubileum { get; set; }

        protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {            
            modelBuilder.Conventions.Add(new SchemaConvention());
            //more code etc
          
        }

    }

}

The following test cases checks how good the pluralizer works.

ApplicationDbContextTests.cs

using Bogus;
using BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Lib.Services;
using BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Models;
using FluentAssertions;
using Moq;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using NUnit.Framework;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data.Common;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure.Interception;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Test
{

    [TestFixture]
    public class ApplicationDbContextTests
    {

       
        [Test]
        [TestCaseSource(nameof(NorwegianPluralizationCases))]
        public void CanUsePluralizationService(string word, string expected)
        {
            var norwegianPluralizationService = new NorwegianPluralizationService();
            string pluralizedWord = norwegianPluralizationService.Pluralize(word);
            pluralizedWord.Should().Be(expected, "Norwegian Pluralization service should return the correct plural form of the word.");
        }

        [Test, TestCaseSource(nameof(NorwegianSingularizationCases))]
        public void NorwegianPluralizationService_CanSingularize(string plural, string expectedSingular)
        {
            var norwegianPluralizationService = new NorwegianPluralizationService();

            var actual = norwegianPluralizationService.Singularize(plural);
            Assert.That(actual, Is.EqualTo(expectedSingular), $"Expected singular of '{plural}' to be '{expectedSingular}', but got '{actual}'.");
        }

        public static IEnumerable<TestCaseData> NorwegianPluralizationCases
        {
            get
            {
                yield return new TestCaseData("Bil", "Biler");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Bok", "Bøker");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Hund", "Hunder");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Stol", "Stoler");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Jente", "Jenter");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Gutt", "Gutter");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Lærer", "Lærere");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Barn", "Barn");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Fjell", "Fjell");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Sko", "Sko");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Ting", "Ting");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Mann", "Menn");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Kvinne", "Kvinner");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Bror", "Brødre");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Far", "Fedre");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Mor", "Mødre");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Datter", "Døtre");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Søster", "Søstre");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Øye", "Øyne");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Hand", "Hender");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Fot", "Føtter");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Tå", "Tær");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Tann", "Tenner");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Natt", "Netter");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Tre", "Trær");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Kne", "Knær");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Bonde", "Bønder");

                // _nonEndingWordsInPlural
                yield return new TestCaseData("Mus", "Mus");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Ski", "Ski");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Feil", "Feil");

                // _wordsChangingVowelsInPluralMale
                yield return new TestCaseData("Bot", "Bøter");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Rot", "Røter");

                // _wordsChangingVowelToÆ
                yield return new TestCaseData("Håndkle", "Håndklær");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Kne", "Knær");

                // _wordsForUnits (should not pluralize)
                yield return new TestCaseData("Meter", "Meter");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Gram", "Gram");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Dollar", "Dollar");

                // _wordChangingVowelsInPluralFemale
                yield return new TestCaseData("And", "Ender");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Hånd", "Hender");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Stang", "Stenger");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Strand", "Strender");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Tang", "Tenger");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Tann", "Tenner");

                // _wordsForRelatives (some already covered, but add missing)
                yield return new TestCaseData("Fetter", "Fettere");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Onkel", "Onkler");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Svigerbror", "Svigerbrødre");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Svigerfar", "Svigerfedre");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Svigermor", "Svigermødre");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Svigersøster", "Svigersøstre");

                // _wordsNoPluralizationForNeutralGenderOneSyllable
                yield return new TestCaseData("Hus", "Hus");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Blad", "Blad");

                // _wordsNeutralGenderEndingWithEumOrIum
                yield return new TestCaseData("Museum", "Museer");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Jubileum", "Jubileer");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Kjemikalium", "Kjemikalier");
            }
        }

        public static IEnumerable<TestCaseData> NorwegianSingularizationCases
        {
            get
            {
                yield return new TestCaseData("Biler", "Bil");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Bøker", "Bok");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Hunder", "Hund");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Stoler", "Stol");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Jenter", "Jente");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Gutter", "Gutt");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Lærere", "Lærer");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Barn", "Barn");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Fjell", "Fjell");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Sko", "Sko");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Ting", "Ting");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Menn", "Mann");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Kvinner", "Kvinne");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Brødre", "Bror");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Fedre", "Far");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Mødre", "Mor");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Døtre", "Datter");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Søstre", "Søster");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Øyne", "Øye");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Hender", "Hand");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Føtter", "Fot");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Tær", "Tå");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Tenner", "Tann");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Netter", "Natt");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Trær", "Tre");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Knær", "Kne");
                yield return new TestCaseData("Bønder", "Bonde");
            }
        }

    }
}

The pluralization is used when creating migrations and map entites to table names. The following migration shows how the Norwegian pluralization has pluralized the table names.

202506292302222_Init.cs

namespace BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Migrations
{
    using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;

    public partial class Init : DbMigration
    {
        public override void Up()
        {
            CreateTable(
                "Archive.Arkivertbrukere",
                c => new
                {
                    Id = c.Int(nullable: false, identity: true),
                    Email = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                    FirstName = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                    LastName = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                    PhoneNumber = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                })
                .PrimaryKey(t => t.Id);

            CreateTable(
                "Arkiv.Gjester",
                c => new
                {
                    Id = c.Int(nullable: false, identity: true),
                    Email = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                    FirstName = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                    LastName = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                })
                .PrimaryKey(t => t.Id);

            CreateTable(
                "dbo.Brukere",
                c => new
                {
                    Id = c.Int(nullable: false, identity: true),
                    Email = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                    FirstName = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                    LastName = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                    PhoneNumber = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                })
                .PrimaryKey(t => t.Id);

            CreateTable(
                "dbo.Jubileer",
                c => new
                {
                    Id = c.Int(nullable: false, identity: true),
                    Date = c.DateTime(),
                    Description = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                })
                .PrimaryKey(t => t.Id);

            CreateTable(
                "dbo.Sesjoner",
                c => new
                {
                    Key = c.Guid(nullable: false),
                    CreatedAt = c.DateTime(nullable: false),
                    ExpiresAt = c.DateTime(),
                    IpAddress = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                    UserAgent = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                })
                .PrimaryKey(t => t.Key);

        }

        public override void Down()
        {
            DropTable("dbo.Sesjoner");
            DropTable("dbo.Jubileer");
            DropTable("dbo.Brukere");
            DropTable("Arkiv.Gjester");
            DropTable("Archive.Arkivertbrukere");
        }
    }
}

The table names above are pluralized into their Norwegian pluralization. In Norwegian we call these words "ubestemt flertall", indefinite plural. It is possible to add detection if the passed in noun is an English noun. But beware that there are several Norwegian nouns overlapping these English nouns. So in fairness, a Norwegian wordlist should also be checked. However, the following update only shows how an English dictionary can be checked. The English noun list is put into a static variable into memory for quick access. The world list I have tested with got about 40,0000+ noun as mentioned previously in this article.

NorwegianPluraizationService.cs

(updated with a check against a English noun list and using the default EnglishPluralizationService that Entity Framework contains to add support for English noun pluralization (and singularization)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure.Pluralization;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;

namespace BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Lib.Services
{

    /// <summary>
    /// Sources for the pluralization rules for Norwegian language:
    /// https://toppnorsk.com/2018/11/18/flertall-hovedregler/
    /// </summary>
    public class NorwegianPluralizationService : IPluralizationService
    {
        private EnglishPluralizationService _englishPluralizationService = new EnglishPluralizationService();
        
        public static List<string> PluralizedWords = new List<string>();

        private static List<string> EnglishNounsWordList = null;

        public string Pluralize(string word)
        {
            if (PluralizedWords.Contains(word, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                return word; // Return the already pluralized word
            }

            //#if DEBUG
            //            Debugger.Break();
            //            Debugger.Launch(); // Uncomment this line to break into the debugger when this method is called, for example when database migrations are made with EF Code First
            //#endif

            word = NormalizeWord(word);

            if (EnglishNounsWordList == null)
            {
                EnglishNounsWordList = new List<string>();
                var assembly = typeof(NorwegianPluralizationService).Assembly;
                // Adjust the resource name to match your project's default namespace and folder structure
                var resourceName = "BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Lib.Services.EnglishNouns.txt";
                using (var stream = assembly.GetManifestResourceStream(resourceName))
                using (var reader = new StreamReader(stream))
                {
                    EnglishNounsWordList.AddRange(reader.ReadToEnd().Split('\n').Select(l => l.Trim()));
                }
            }

            string pluralizedWord;

            if (EnglishNounsWordList.Contains(word, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                pluralizedWord = _englishPluralizationService.Pluralize(word);
                PluralizedWords.Add(pluralizedWord);
                return pluralizedWord;
            }

            if (_specialCases.ContainsKey(word))
            {
                pluralizedWord = _specialCases[word];
                PluralizedWords.Add(pluralizedWord);
                return pluralizedWord;
            }
            
            //more code

To sum up, we can customize Entity Framework pluralization to support other languages. But please note that there is a lot of work to make a good pluralization service. Also, you probably want to support English nouns too. The last version above did not use a Norwegian wordlist. A better pluralization service could directly try to lookup pluralized and singularized nouns of both languages instead of all the general and specific rules presented in these code samples. The English pluralization service do not do this, instead it relies on rule sets, such as the first version of
the Norwegian pluralizer shown earlier in this article is using.

Setting up connection resiliency for Entity Framework

In Entity Framework, it is possible to add more connection resiliency. This can be done for example if you are working against a more unstable database connection, maybe because the database is served in the Cloud and/or is not scaled properly to its load. Whatever reason, it is possible to add more connection resiliency. The connection resiliency can be used in other scenarios that just SQL servers hosted in Azure, such as On-Premise databases. It should add more resiliency and stability for scenarios where connections to database needs to be improved. This could also be due to mobile clients being moved in and out of areas with good network access, such as within buildings and factories on different levels trying to access a wireless connection that connects to a database. The code in this article is available in my Github repo here:

https://github.com/toreaurstadboss/BulkOperationsEntityFramework

first off, the ExecutionStrategy is set up. A DbConfiguration is added to set this up.

ApplicationDbModelConfiguration.cs

using System;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Entity.SqlServer;

namespace BulkOperationsEntityFramework
{
    public class ApplicationDbConfiguration : DbConfiguration
    {

        public ApplicationDbConfiguration()
        {
            SetExecutionStrategy(SqlProviderServices.ProviderInvariantName, () =>
             new CustomSqlAzureExecutionStrategy(maxRetryCount: 10, maxDelay: TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5))); //note : max total delay of retries is 30 seconds per default in SQL Server
        }

    }

}

In EF Core 8 (using Entity Framework with .NET 8, you can set it up like this :

Program.cs

    public class ApplicationDbContext : DbContext
    {
        protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)
        {
            optionsBuilder.UseSqlServer(
                "DefaultConnection",
                sqlOptions =>
                {
                    sqlOptions.EnableRetryOnFailure(
                        maxRetryCount: 10,
                        maxRetryDelay: TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5),
                        errorNumbersToAdd: null
                    );
                });
        }

Setting up the interval strategy

The CustomSqlAzureExecutionStrategy inherits from the SqlAzureExecutionStrategy. $$\mathrm{delay}=\min (\mathrm{maxDelay},\mathrm{random}\times (2^{\mathrm{retryCount}}-1)\times \mathrm{baseDelay})$$ The default base delay in Entity Framework is to wait one second, so the next wait time will be about 2 seconds, then the next delays will quickly grow up the max wait time of five seconds. The custom sql azure execution strategy implementation inherits from SqlAzureExecutionStrategy.

CustomSqlAzureExecutionStrategy.cs

using System;
using System.Data.Entity.SqlServer;

namespace BulkOperationsEntityFramework
{

    public class CustomSqlAzureExecutionStrategy : SqlAzureExecutionStrategy
    {

        [ThreadStatic]
        private static int _currentRetryCount = 0;

        public CustomSqlAzureExecutionStrategy(int maxRetryCount, TimeSpan maxDelay)
        : base(maxRetryCount, maxDelay) { }

        protected override bool ShouldRetryOn(Exception ex)
        {
            _currentRetryCount++;
            Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(CustomSqlAzureExecutionStrategy)}: Retry-count within thread: {_currentRetryCount}");
            Log.Information("{Class}: Retry-count within thread: {RetryCount} {ExceptionType}", nameof(CustomSqlAzureExecutionStrategy), _currentRetryCount, ex.GetType().Name);

            return base.ShouldRetryOn(ex) || ex is SimulatedTransientSqlException;
        }

    }

}

Of course, just logging out to console probably is not a very elegant solution, and it could instead be logged out to for example SeriLog, which is used in the line with the Log.Information call. The SimulatedTransientSqlException looks like this:

SimulatedTransientSqlException.cs

 public class SimulatedTransientSqlException : Exception
 {
     public SimulatedTransientSqlException()
     : base("Simulated transient SQL exception.") { }
 }
 

The following db interceptor is added to simulate transient failures happening, at 10% chance of it happening.

TransientFailureInterceptor.cs

using System;
using System.Data.Common;
using System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure.Interception;
using System.Diagnostics;

namespace BulkOperationsEntityFramework
{

    public class TransientFailureInterceptor : DbCommandInterceptor
    {
        private static readonly Random _random = new Random();

        public override void ReaderExecuting(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<DbDataReader> interceptionContext)
        {
            SimulateTransientFailure(interceptionContext);
            base.ReaderExecuting(command, interceptionContext);
        }

        public override void ScalarExecuting(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<object> interceptionContext)
        {
            SimulateTransientFailure(interceptionContext);
            base.ScalarExecuting(command, interceptionContext);
        }

        public override void NonQueryExecuting(DbCommand command, DbCommandInterceptionContext<int> interceptionContext)
        {
            SimulateTransientFailure(interceptionContext);
            base.NonQueryExecuting(command, interceptionContext);
        }

        private void SimulateTransientFailure<TResult>(DbCommandInterceptionContext<TResult> context)
        {
            // Simulate a transient failure 10% of the time
            double r = _random.NextDouble();
            if (r < 0.1)
            {
                var ex = new SimulatedTransientSqlException();
                string info = "Throwing a transient SqlException. ";
                Trace.WriteLine($"{info} {ex.ToString()}");
                context.Exception = ex;
            }
        }
    }

    public class SimulatedTransientSqlException : Exception
    {
        public SimulatedTransientSqlException()
        : base("Simulated transient SQL exception.") { }
    }

}

Next up connecting the dots in the DbContext, setting up the db configuration

ApplicationDbContext.cs

[DbConfigurationType(typeof(ApplicationDbConfiguration))]
public class ApplicationDbContext : DbContext
{

    static ApplicationDbContext()
    {
        if (!AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies().Any(a => a.FullName.StartsWith("Effort")))
        {
            DbInterception.Add(new TransientFailureInterceptor()); //add an interceptor that simulates a transient connection error occuring (30% chance of it happening)
            DbInterception.Add(new SerilogCommandInterceptor()); //do not add logging if EF6 Effor is used (for unit testing)
        }
    }
    
    //more code..

Also note that you usually do not want to add the TransientFailureInterceptor, it is just added for testing. You could for example add a boolean property on your DbContext to set if you are testing out connection resiliency and add the TransientFailureInterceptor when you can to test it, or provide a public method to add the TransientfailureInterceptor, and remove it afterwards if desired. Within a Test-project, you should be able to test out connection resiliency.

Custom code conventions in Entity Framework

This article will once more look at code conventions in Entity Framework. A custom code convention will be added where if the property (column of an entity) is called "Key" and is of type Guid, it is set as the key of the entity (surrounding type the property resides in). The code in this article is available in my Github repo here:

https://github.com/toreaurstadboss/BulkOperationsEntityFramework

The custom code convention for setting all properties called Key of property type Guid as the key of an entity (table) looks like the following:

GuidKeyConvention.cs

using System;
using System.Data.Entity.ModelConfiguration.Conventions;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;

namespace BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Conventions
{

    public class GuidKeyConvention : Convention
    {
        public GuidKeyConvention()
        {
            Types().Configure(t =>
            {
                var keyProperty = t.ClrType
                    .GetProperties(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance)
                    .FirstOrDefault(p => p.PropertyType == typeof(Guid)
                    && string.Equals(p.Name, "Key", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));

                if (keyProperty != null)
                {
                    t.HasKey(keyProperty);
                }
            });            
        }
    }

}

The custom code convention can then be added in the OnModelCreating method shown below :

ApplicationDbContext.cs

 protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
 {
     modelBuilder.Entity<User>().HasKey(u => u.Id);
     modelBuilder.Entity<User>().Property(u => u.Id).HasDatabaseGeneratedOption(DatabaseGeneratedOption.Identity);

     modelBuilder.Properties<string>().Configure(p => p.HasMaxLength(255)); // Set max length for all string properties

     modelBuilder.Conventions.Add(new GuidKeyConvention());
     
     //more code

 }

As shown above, a custom convention inherits from the System.Data.Entity.ModelConfiguration.Conventions.Convention class. The behavior of the custom code convention is set up in the constructor of the custom code convention. It is not overriding any methods, instead it is making use over inherited public methods Types() or Properties() or Properties(). An example of an entity that then will use this custom code convention is shown with the following entity (POCO) :

Session.cs

using System;

namespace BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Models
{
    public class Session
    {

        public Guid Key { get; set; } // Primary key by convention

        public DateTime CreatedAt { get; set; }

        public DateTime? ExpiresAt { get; set; }

        public string IpAddress { get; set; }

        public string UserAgent { get; set; }
    }
}

Adding this custom code convention, the following database migration is then added and shows that the property (field/column) called Key of type Guid.

namespace BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Migrations
{
    using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;

    public partial class Sessions : DbMigration
    {
        public override void Up()
        {
            CreateTable(
                "dbo.Sessions",
                c => new
                {
                    Key = c.Guid(nullable: false),
                    CreatedAt = c.DateTime(nullable: false),
                    ExpiresAt = c.DateTime(),
                    IpAddress = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                    UserAgent = c.String(maxLength: 255),
                })
                .PrimaryKey(t => t.Key);

        }

        public override void Down()
        {
            DropTable("dbo.Sessions");
        }
    }
}

As shown in the database migration, the primary key is set to the field Key, which means that the field (property/column) Key is set as the primary key. It is of course easier to just attribute the property Key with the Key attribute or set up the primary key in the OnModelConfiguring (Fluent API). Custom code conventions are best in use when you make a custom code convention that saves a lot of setup where you have a large data model and want to standardize code conventions, this sample just is a demonstration of how such a custom code convention can be created by inheriting the Convention class in the namespace System.Data.Entity.ModelConfiguration.Conventions. In the previous article, a custom code convention encapsulated in a custom marker attribute and wiring up the logic via helper extension methods. Instead of inheriting from the Convention class, the wiring up of Schema attribute shown in previous article could be more standardized in this way. Such a SchemaConvention could be set up like this instead, inheriting Convention class.

SchemaConvention.cs

using BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Attributes;
using System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure.Pluralization;
using System.Data.Entity.ModelConfiguration.Conventions;
using System.Reflection;

namespace BulkOperationsEntityFramework.Conventions
{
    public class SchemaConvention : Convention
    {
        public SchemaConvention()
        {
            var pluralizer = new EnglishPluralizationService();

            Types().Configure(c =>
            {
                var schemaAttr = c.ClrType.GetCustomAttribute<SchemaAttribute>(false);
                var tableName = pluralizer.Pluralize(c.ClrType.Name);

                if (schemaAttr != null && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(schemaAttr.SchemaName))
                {
                    c.ToTable(tableName, schemaAttr.SchemaName ?? "dbo");
                }
                else
                {
                    c.ToTable(tableName);
                }
            });
        }
    }
}