This article presents some helper methods for performing AES Encryption using Galois Counter Mode (GCM). AES or Advanced Encryption Standard is the most used encryption algorithm used today, having overtaken DES and Triple DES
since 2001. We will look into the GCM mode of AES in this article.
AES-GCM class
AesGcm is supported in .NET Core 3.0 and newer .NET versions, plus in .NET Standard 2.1.
AES-GCM is authenticated encryption, compared to default AES-CBC (Cipher Block Chaining).
Benefits of using GCM mode of AES is the following:
- Data authenticity / integrity. This is provided via a tag that is outputted by the encryption and used while decrypting
- Provides support for sending additional data, used for example in newer TLS implementations to provide both encryption and a non-encrypted payload. This is called additional metadata
Here is a helper class to perform encryption and decryption using AES-GCM.
public static class AesGcmEncryption {
public static (byte[], byte[]) Encrypt(byte[] dataToEncrypt, byte[] key, byte[] nonce, byte[] associatedData = null)
{
using var aesGcm = new AesGcm(key);
//tag and ciphertext will be filled during encryption
var tag = new byte[16]; //tag is a hmac (hash-based message authentication code) to check that information has not been tampered with
var cipherText = new byte[dataToEncrypt.Length];
aesGcm.Encrypt(nonce, dataToEncrypt, cipherText, tag, associatedData);
return (cipherText, tag);
}
public static byte[] Decrypt(byte[] cipherText, byte[] key, byte[] nonce, byte[] tag, byte[] associatedData = null)
{
using var aesGcm = new AesGcm(key);
//tag and ciphertext will be filled during encryption
var decryptedData = new byte[cipherText.Length];
aesGcm.Decrypt(nonce, cipherText, tag, decryptedData, associatedData);
return decryptedData;
}
}
In the code above, the encrypt method returns a tuple with the ciperText and the tag. These are the encrypted data and the tag, both must be used while decrypting and the tag provides as mentioned a means of checking the integrity of data, i.e. that data has not been tampered with.
Note that the 16-byte tag and the ciphertext is filled after running the Encrypt method of the AesGcm class. The cipherText array must be the same length as the dataToEncrypt array inputted.
Here is sample code to use AES-GCM. Note that the metadata used here, while optional, must match in case it is set in the encryption and decryption. The nonce must be 12 bytes - 96 bits in length.The nonce is similar to a initialization vector, although it is used once for the particular encryption and decryption,
it is used to protect against
replay attacks.
void TestAesGCM()
{
const string original = "Text to encrypt";
var key = RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(32); //256 bits key
var nonce = RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(12); //96 bits nonce
(byte[] cipherText, byte[] tag) result = AesGcmEncryption.Encrypt(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(original),
key, nonce, Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("some metadata 123"));
byte[] decryptedText = AesGcmEncryption.Decrypt(result.cipherText, key, nonce, result.tag, Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("some metadata 123"));
Console.WriteLine("AES Encryption demo GCM - Galois Counter Mode:");
Console.WriteLine("--------------");
Console.WriteLine("Original Text = " + original);
Console.WriteLine("Encrypted Text = " + Convert.ToBase64String(result.cipherText));
Console.WriteLine("Tag = " + Convert.ToBase64String(result.tag));
Console.WriteLine("Decrypted Text = " + Encoding.UTF8.GetString(decryptedText));
}
AES Encryption demo GCM - Galois Counter Mode:
--------------
Original Text = Text to encrypt
Encrypted Text = 9+2x0kctnRwiDDHBm0/H
Tag = sSDxsg17HFdjE4cuqRlroQ==
Decrypted Text = Text to encrypt
Use AES-GCM to provide integrity checking and allowing to send in metadata if desired to encrypt and decrypting with the AES algorithm.
We can protect the AES key using different methods, for example using the
Data Protection API, this is only supported in Windows.
Let's look at a helper class for using Data Protection API.
public static class DataProtectionUtil {
public static byte[] Protect(byte[] dataToEncrypt, byte[] optionalEntropy, DataProtectionScope scope)
{
var encryptedData = ProtectedData.Protect(dataToEncrypt, optionalEntropy, scope);
return encryptedData;
}
public static byte[] Unprotect(byte[] encryptedData, byte[] optionalEntropy, DataProtectionScope scope){
var decryptedData = ProtectedData.Unprotect(encryptedData, optionalEntropy, scope);
return decryptedData;
}
public static string Protect(string dataToEncrypt, string optionalEntropy, DataProtectionScope scope)
{
var encryptedData = ProtectedData.Protect(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(dataToEncrypt), optionalEntropy != null ? Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(optionalEntropy) : null, scope);
return Convert.ToBase64String(encryptedData);
}
public static string Unprotect(string encryptedData, string optionalEntropy, DataProtectionScope scope)
{
var decryptedData = ProtectedData.Unprotect(Convert.FromBase64String(encryptedData), optionalEntropy != null ? Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(optionalEntropy) : null, scope);
return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(decryptedData);
}
}
An example how to protect your AES key:
void EncryptAndDecryptWithProtectedKey(){
var original = "Text to encrypt";
Console.WriteLine($"Original Text = {original}");
//Create key and nnoce . Encrypt our text with AES
var gcmKey = RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(32);
var nonce = RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(12);
var result = EncryptText(original, gcmKey, nonce);
//Create some entropy and protect AES key
var entropy = RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(16);
var protectedKey = ProtectedData.Protect(gcmKey, entropy, DataProtectionScope.CurrentUser);
Console.WriteLine($"gcmKey = {Convert.ToBase64String(gcmKey)}, protectedKey = {Convert.ToBase64String(protectedKey)}");
// Decrypt the text with AES. the AES key has to be retrieved with DPAPI.
var decryptedText = DecryptText(result.encrypted, nonce, result.tag, protectedKey, entropy);
Console.WriteLine($"Decrypted Text using AES GCM with key retrieved via Data Protection API = {decryptedText}");
}
private static (byte[] encrypted, byte[] tag) EncryptText(string original, byte[] gcmKey, byte[] nonce){
return AesGcmEncryption.Encrypt(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(original), gcmKey, nonce, Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("some meta"));
}
private static string DecryptText(byte[] encrypted, byte[] nonce, byte[] tag, byte[] protectedKey, byte[] entropy){
var key = DataProtectionUtil.Unprotect(protectedKey, entropy, DataProtectionScope.CurrentUser);
Console.WriteLine($"Inside DecryptText: gcmKey = {Convert.ToBase64String(key)}, protectedKey = {Convert.ToBase64String(protectedKey)}");
var decryptedText = AesGcmEncryption.Decrypt(encrypted, key, nonce, tag, Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("some meta"));
return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(decryptedText);
}
Data Protection API is only supported on Windows platform, there are more possibilities to protect AES key but protecting your key is always a challenge when dealing with symmetric encryption algorithms such as AES.
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